Add missing Mandates for resize_and_overwrite

[frederick-vs-ja]

Currently, MSVC STL hasn't implemented the Mandates in [string.capacity]/8:

Mandates: OP has an integer-like type ([iterator.concept.winc]).

As a result, the following ill-formed program is accepted (Godbolt link):

#include <cstddef>
#include <string>

int main() {
    std::string{}.resize_and_overwrite(0, [](const char*, std::size_t) {
        struct NotIntegerLike {
            operator std::size_t() const {
                return 0;
            }
        };
        return NotIntegerLike{};
    });
}

This PR adds the missing static_assert and expands coverage for GH-2524 to all supported (cv-unqualified) integer-like types.

[StephanTLavavej]

Thanks! 😻 I pushed very minor changes.

[StephanTLavavej]

I'm mirroring this to the MSVC-internal repo - please notify me if any further changes are pushed

[StephanTLavavej]

Thanks for noticing and fixing this missing enforcement! 🎉 🚀 🐱