feat(progress-circle): s2 styling and render

[castastrophe]

Description

Using the approach outlined in the styling RFC; brought in the existing S2 stylings from the CSS spectrum-two branch and noted any questions, concerns, and API implications as comments on this PR.

First pass at progress-circle.

Motivation and context

Related issue(s)

• CSS-1270

Screenshots (if appropriate)

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Author's checklist

• I have read the CONTRIBUTING and PULL_REQUESTS documents.
• I have reviewed at the Accessibility Practices for this feature, see: Aria Practices
• I have added automated tests to cover my changes.
• I have included a well-written changeset if my change needs to be published.
• I have included updated documentation if my change required it.

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Reviewer's checklist

• Includes a Github Issue with appropriate flag or Jira ticket number without a link
• Includes thoughtfully written changeset if changes suggested include patch, minor, or major features
• Automated tests cover all use cases and follow best practices for writing
• Validated on all supported browsers
• All VRTs are approved before the author can update Golden Hash

Manual review test cases

• Descriptive Test Statement

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  3. Expect this result

• Descriptive Test Statement

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Device review

• Did it pass in Desktop?
• Did it pass in (emulated) Mobile?
• Did it pass in (emulated) iPad?

[changeset-bot]

⚠️ No Changeset found

Latest commit: 059fbd3

Merging this PR will not cause a version bump for any packages. If these changes should not result in a new version, you're good to go. If these changes should result in a version bump, you need to add a changeset.

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[github-actions]

📚 Branch Preview

• Documentation Site
• Storybook

🔍 Visual Regression Test Results

When a visual regression test fails (or has previously failed while working on this branch), its results can be found in the following URLs:

• Spectrum | Light | Medium | LTR
• Spectrum | Dark | Large | RTL
• Express | Light | Medium | LTR
• Express | Dark | Large | RTL
• Spectrum-two | Light | Medium | LTR
• Spectrum-two | Dark | Large | RTL
• High Contrast Mode | Medium | LTR

Deployed to Azure Blob Storage: pr-5743

If the changes are expected, update the current_golden_images_cache hash in the circleci config to accept the new images. Instructions are included in that file.
If the changes are unexpected, you can investigate the cause of the differences and update the code accordingly.

[github-actions]

Tachometer results

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